South America: Other
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Perú or República del Perú pron. more...
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Scripophily
IPA , Quechua: Piruw), is a country in western South America, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the south-east, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
In addition to being known as the cradle of the Inca empire, Peru is the home of many indigenous ethnic groups. It is therefore a country with major historical and cultural standing.
History
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Ancient cultures
Archaeological evidence present in sites located in the caves of Piquimachay (Ayacucho), Chivateros, Lauricocha, Paijan, and Toquepala indicates that hunters and gatherers inhabited Peru 20,000 years ago. Some of the oldest notable civilizations appeared ca. 6000 BC in the coastal provinces of Chilca and Paracas and in the highlands province of Callejon de Huaylas.
Over the following 3000 years inhabitants switched to cultivating land, as evidence from sites such as Kotosh and Huaca Prieta shows. Cultivation of plants such as corn and cotton (Gossypium Barbadense) began, as well as the domestication of animals. Inhabitants practiced domestic crafts such as spinning and knitting of cotton and wool, basketry and pottery.
Some of the more advanced Andean civilizations that appeared in 900 BC were:
Caral;
Chavin – the Peruvian Mother Culture, according to Julio C. Tello;
Paracas;
Mochica;
Nazca;
Tiahuanaco;
Wari;
Chimu;
These cultures developed relatively advanced techniques of cultivation, gold and silver craft, pottery, metallurgy, and knitting. Around 700 BCE, they appear to have developed systems of social organization that were the precursors of the Inca civilization.
Minor civilizations on the edge of the eastern Andes that were largely assimilated into the Incan empire include:
Malbecs;
Hu-Tyus;
Punos;
Mari-Tiu-Tie;
Olbraqeus;
Not all Andean cultures were willing to offer their loyalty to the Incas as they expanded their empire, and many were openly hostile. The people of the Chachapoyas culture were an example of this, but they were eventually conquered and integrated into the Inca Empire.
The Incas
The Incas created the most vast and powerful empire of pre-Columbian America. The Tahuantinsuyo—which is derived from Quechua for "The Four United Regions"—reached its greatest extension at the beginning of the 16th century. It dominated a territory that included from north to south Ecuador, part of Colombia, the northern half of Chile, and the north-east part of Argentina; and from west to east, from Bolivia to the Amazonian forests.
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